From 8c802f2a15eab96e885b42771c7fb218f7c28535 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jesse Brault <jbrault@mac.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2025 07:47:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Sketching July 2025.

---
 sketching/july_2025/closure.dm  |  22 +++++++
 sketching/july_2025/hkt.dm      |  32 ++++++++++
 sketching/july_2025/int.dm      |  14 +++++
 sketching/july_2025/name_one.dm |  39 ++++++++++++
 sketching/july_2025/string.dm   | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 sketching/july_2025/trait.dm    |  41 +++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 253 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/closure.dm
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/hkt.dm
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/int.dm
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/name_one.dm
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/string.dm
 create mode 100644 sketching/july_2025/trait.dm

diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/closure.dm b/sketching/july_2025/closure.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86279c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/closure.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+fn main()
+    var x = 42
+    let cl = { i: Int ->
+        let result = x + i
+        x += 1
+        result
+    }
+    println cl(0) // 42
+    println cl(0) // 43
+    println cl(0) // 44
+end
+
+fn main()
+    var x = 42
+    fn cl(i: Int): Int
+        let result = x + 1
+        x += 1
+        result
+    end
+    println cl(0) // 42
+    println cl(1) // 42
+end
diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/hkt.dm b/sketching/july_2025/hkt.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e3bc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/hkt.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+pub hkt Functor[Self<T>]
+    fn <U> map(f: fn (t: T) -> U) -> Self<U>
+end
+
+pub int Iterable<T>
+    fn iter() -> Iterator<T>
+end
+
+pub int Iterator<T> = () -> Option<T>
+
+pub enum Option<T> : Functor[Self<T>]
+    Some(T),
+    None;
+
+    fn unwrap() -> T
+        self is Some(t) ? t : throw Exception('Empty Option')
+    end
+
+    fn expect(msg: String) -> T
+        self is Some(t) ? t : throw Exception(msg)
+    end
+
+    impl Functor
+        fn <U> map(f: fn (t: T) -> U) -> Self<U>
+            self is Some(t) ? Some(f(t)) : None
+        end
+    end
+
+    static fn lift(t: T) -> Self<T>
+        Some(t)
+    end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/int.dm b/sketching/july_2025/int.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e211dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/int.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+int Greeter
+    fn greet(): Void
+end
+
+class MyGreeter(greeting: String) : Greeter
+    impl fn greet()
+        println greeting
+    end
+end
+
+fn main()
+    let g: Greeter = MyGreeter("Hello, World!")
+    g.greet()
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/name_one.dm b/sketching/july_2025/name_one.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc20753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/name_one.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    if args[0] == 'greet' then
+        println 'Hello!'
+    end
+end
+
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    args.each { println it }
+end
+
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    if args.find { it == 'greet' } then
+        println 'There was a greet arg'
+    end
+end
+
+// longer
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    let findIndexResult: Option<Int> = args.findIndex { it == 'greet' }
+    if findIndexResult.isSome() then
+        let index: Int = findIndex.unwrap()
+        println "greet arg was index ${index}"
+    end
+end
+
+// shorter with destructuring
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    if let Some(greetIndex) = args.findIndex { it == 'greet' } then
+        println "greet arg was index ${greetIndex}"
+    end
+end
+
+fn main(args: Array<String>)
+    let parsed: CliArgs = std::cli::parse(args)
+    let greetingCount = parsed.get::<Int>('--count', '-c').orElse(1)
+    if let Some(greeting) = parsed.get('greeting', 'g') then
+        greetingCount.times { println greeting }
+    end
+end
diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/string.dm b/sketching/july_2025/string.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a7533d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/string.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+pub int Display
+    fn toString() -> String
+end
+
+pub int LazyDisplay
+    fn toLazyString() -> DString
+end
+
+pub int DString : Display
+    parts: Array<DStringPart>
+end
+
+pub enum DStringPart
+    Constant(String),
+    Display(Display),
+    Lazy(Fn<Display>)
+end
+
+#internal
+class DStringImpl(parts) : DString
+    cachedEval: Option<String>
+    canCache: Option<Boolean>
+
+    fn getCanCache() -> Boolean
+        for part in parts do
+            if part is Lazy then return false end
+        end
+        true
+    end
+
+    impl Display
+        pub fn toString() -> String
+            if cachedEval is Some(s) then
+                return s
+            end
+            if canCache is None then
+                canCache = Some(getCanCache())
+            end
+            // Note the groovy-like property getter
+            if canCache.truthy then
+                cachedEval = Some(
+                    parts.reduce('') { acc, part ->
+                        let partAsString = match part as
+                            Constant(s) => s,
+                            Display(d) => d.toString(),
+                            Lazy(f) => throw DumbProgrammerException(
+                                'Cannot cache when parts contains a Lazy.'
+                            )
+                        end
+                        acc + partAsString
+                    }
+                )
+                cachedEval.unwrap()
+            else
+                parts.reduce('') { acc, part ->
+                    let partAsString = match part as
+                        Constant(s) => s,
+                        Display(d) => d.toString(),
+                        Lazy(f) => f().toString()
+                    end
+                    acc + partAsString
+                }
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+// Special "extension" implementation of Option for all T where T : Boolean
+pub int HasTruth
+    fn isTruthy() -> Boolean
+end
+
+impl HasTruth for Option<T> where T is Boolean
+    pub fn isTruthy() -> Boolean
+        self is Some(b) ? b : false
+    end
+end
+
+// some other file
+use std::extensions::HasTruth[Option<Boolean>]
+
+fn maybeSomeOrNone -> Option<Boolean>
+    Some(true)
+end
+
+fn main()
+    let o = maybeSomeOrNone()
+    if o.truthy then
+        println "It's truthy!"
+    else
+        println "It's falsy..."
+    end
+end
+
+fn stringDemo() -> Void
+    let plain = 'Hello, World!'
+    let x = 42
+    let withDisplay = "Hello! x is $x"
+    let withLazy = "Hello! x is ${ x + 42 }"
+    println plain // Hello, World!
+    println withDisplay // Hello! x is 42
+    println withLazy // Hello! x is 84
+    x += 42
+    println withLazy // Hello! x is 126
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sketching/july_2025/trait.dm b/sketching/july_2025/trait.dm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4c0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sketching/july_2025/trait.dm
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+pub trait HasTruth
+    fn isTruthy() -> Boolean
+
+    def fn isFalsy() -> Boolean = !self.truthy
+end
+
+pub trait Functor[Self<T>]
+    fn <U> map(f: fn (t: T) -> U) -> Self<U>
+end
+
+pub trait Lift[Self<T>]
+    static fn lift(t: T) -> Self<T>
+end
+
+pub trait Applicative[Self<T>, U, V] : Functor[Self] + Lift[Self] where T is fn (u: U) -> V
+    fn apply(us: Self<U>) -> Self<V>
+end
+
+pub trait Monad[Self<T>] : Functor[Self] + Lift[Self]
+    fn <U> flatMap(f: fn (t: T) -> Self<U>) -> Self<U>
+end
+
+// Traits as higher-kinded types
+// - Cannot be used as concrete types, casted, etc.
+// - Cannot be constructed/instantiated
+// - Imports are different:
+//   ```
+//   use std::core::Option
+//   use std::trait::Monad[Option<*>] // bring in Monad for all Option<*>
+//   ```
+// - Once imported, fns are in scope
+// - Can also be looked-up 'dictionary' style:
+//   ```
+//   use std::trait::HasTruth[Option<Boolean>]
+//
+//   fn main()
+//     let maybeTruthy: Option<Boolean> = someOtherApiCall()
+//     if HasTruth[maybeTruthy].isTruthy() then
+//       println "It's truthy."
+//     end
+//   ```
\ No newline at end of file